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What Is a Breast Biopsy?

A breast biopsy is a diagnostic procedure used to determine whether a suspicious area in the breast is benign or cancerous. When a lump, mass, or abnormality is detected during a mammogram, ultrasound, or physical exam, a biopsy is often recommended to provide a clear diagnosis. During this procedure, a small sample of breast tissue is removed and examined under a microscope by a pathologist. The biopsy helps identify the presence of breast cancer, atypical cells, or other non-cancerous conditions, allowing doctors to develop a personalized treatment plan based on accurate information.

Why Might You Need a Breast Biopsy?

A breast biopsy is usually recommended when imaging tests or clinical examinations reveal something abnormal in the breast, such as a lump, skin thickening, or unusual changes in size or shape. It is not always an indication of cancer but is a critical step in ruling it out. The goal is to obtain a precise diagnosis so that any necessary treatment can be started early. Women with a family history of breast cancer, those who have dense breast tissue, or individuals who notice persistent changes in their breasts may also be advised to undergo a biopsy to ensure that any underlying issue is properly addressed.

How Is a Breast Biopsy Performed?

The procedure can be done in different ways depending on the nature and location of the abnormality. The most common types include fine-needle aspiration, core needle biopsy, stereotactic biopsy, and surgical biopsy. The process usually involves numbing the area with local anesthesia, making a small incision or using a needle, and extracting tissue samples. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, mammography, or MRI may guide the biopsy to ensure precision. The entire procedure is typically completed within 30 to 60 minutes, and patients can usually go home the same day.

What Should You Expect During and After the Procedure?

During the biopsy, you may feel slight pressure or mild discomfort, but the local anesthetic usually prevents significant pain. Once the tissue is collected, the sample is sent to a laboratory for pathological examination. After the procedure, you may experience some bruising, swelling, or tenderness at the biopsy site, which typically subsides within a few days. Most people can resume normal activities shortly afterward, though it's advised to avoid heavy lifting or strenuous exercise for at least 24 hours. Your doctor will schedule a follow-up to discuss the biopsy results, which are typically available within a few days.

Are There Any Risks Associated With a Breast Biopsy?

Although breast biopsies are generally safe, like any medical procedure, there are some risks involved. These may include infection, bleeding, or temporary pain at the site of the biopsy. There is also a minimal chance of scarring or changes in the appearance of the breast, especially with surgical biopsies. However, the benefits of early and accurate diagnosis far outweigh these risks. It’s essential to follow your doctor’s aftercare instructions carefully to minimize the chances of complications and ensure a smooth recovery.