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What Is Bone Cancer?

Bone cancer is a rare but serious condition that begins in the bones. It occurs when abnormal cells in the bone grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor. Bone cancer can be primary, starting in the bone itself (like osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma), or secondary (metastatic), which means it has spread to the bone from another part of the body. Early diagnosis and proper treatment are essential to improve outcomes.

How Is Bone Cancer Diagnosed?

The diagnosis of bone cancer usually begins with a physical examination followed by imaging tests like X-rays, MRIs, CT scans, or bone scans. A biopsy is the most definitive way to confirm bone cancer, where a small sample of the bone tissue is examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells. Blood tests may also be used to check for certain markers related to bone tumors.

What Are the Treatment Options for Bone Cancer?

Treatment for bone cancer depends on several factors, including the type, size, location, and stage of the tumor, as well as the patient’s overall health. The main treatment approaches include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and in some cases, targeted therapy. A multidisciplinary team of oncologists, orthopedic surgeons, radiologists, and other specialists works together to determine the most effective treatment plan.

How Is Surgery Used in Bone Cancer Treatment?

Surgery is often the primary treatment for many types of bone cancer, especially when the tumor is localized. The goal of surgery is to remove the entire tumor with a margin of healthy tissue. In some cases, limb-sparing surgery is possible, allowing doctors to avoid amputation. However, if the cancer is too advanced or involves critical structures, amputation may be necessary to save the patient's life.

What Role Does Chemotherapy Play in Treating Bone Cancer?

Chemotherapy uses powerful drugs to destroy cancer cells. It is commonly used for aggressive bone cancers like osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma, especially in children and young adults. Chemotherapy may be given before surgery (to shrink the tumor), after surgery (to eliminate remaining cells), or as a standalone treatment if surgery isn't possible. It can also help relieve symptoms in advanced cases.

Is Radiation Therapy Effective for Bone Cancer?

Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors. Although not always the first choice for primary bone cancers, it is particularly effective for Ewing sarcoma and for pain relief in metastatic bone disease. It may also be used after surgery if complete tumor removal isn’t possible. Techniques like intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) help protect healthy tissues while targeting the cancer.