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What Are Balance Disorders?

Balance disorders are conditions that make you feel unsteady, dizzy, or as if you or your surroundings are moving or spinning. These issues stem from problems in the vestibular system, which includes parts of the inner ear, brain, and eyes that help control balance and spatial orientation. Common causes include inner ear infections, Ménière’s disease, vestibular neuritis, benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV), head injuries, and neurological disorders.

What Symptoms Indicate a Balance Disorder?

Symptoms of a balance disorder vary, but most patients experience dizziness, vertigo, disorientation, lightheadedness, blurred vision, and even nausea. Some may have trouble standing or walking steadily, especially in the dark or on uneven surfaces. In severe cases, balance issues can significantly impact a person’s ability to perform daily activities safely and independently.

How Are Balance Disorders Diagnosed?

Diagnosis begins with a detailed medical history and physical examination by a neurologist or ENT specialist. Additional tests often include hearing exams, vestibular function tests (like electronystagmography or videonystagmography), posturography, and imaging such as MRI or CT scans. These help identify the underlying cause of balance disturbances and determine the most appropriate treatment approach.

What Non-Surgical Treatments Are Available?

The majority of balance disorders can be managed without surgery. Treatment depends on the root cause but commonly includes vestibular rehabilitation therapy (VRT), which uses specific head, body, and eye exercises to retrain the brain to compensate for balance dysfunction. Medications such as antihistamines, anti-nausea drugs, or corticosteroids may be prescribed to manage symptoms. For BPPV, repositioning maneuvers like the Epley or Semont technique are highly effective.