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What Is Skin Cancer and How Does It Affect the Body?

Skin cancer is a type of malignancy that begins in the skin cells when they grow abnormally and uncontrollably. It typically develops in areas frequently exposed to sunlight, such as the face, arms, neck, and hands, but can occur anywhere on the body. Skin cancer originates in the outer layer of the skin, the epidermis, and may spread deeper or to other organs if not treated promptly. While many forms are slow-growing and treatable, some, like melanoma, can be aggressive and life-threatening.

What Are the Main Types of Skin Cancer?

There are three major types of skin cancer, each arising from different skin cells. Basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the most common form, grows slowly and rarely spreads but can cause significant damage if untreated. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) arises from the middle and outer skin layers and is more likely to spread. Melanoma, though less common, is the most serious form, developing in pigment-producing melanocytes. It can spread rapidly to other organs and tissues if not detected early. There are also rare types like Merkel cell carcinoma and Kaposi sarcoma.

What Causes Skin Cancer and Who Is Most at Risk?

Skin cancer is primarily caused by ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. UV rays can damage the DNA in skin cells, triggering mutations that lead to cancer. Risk increases with frequent sunburns, especially in childhood, fair or light skin, excessive sun exposure, weakened immunity, and a family or personal history of skin cancer. Older adults, outdoor workers, and people with many moles or atypical moles are also at increased risk.

What Are the Symptoms and Warning Signs of Skin Cancer?

The symptoms of skin cancer vary by type but generally include visible changes on the skin. Key warning signs include a new mole or spot that changes shape, size, or color, a sore that doesn’t heal, a scaly patch, or a growth that bleeds, itches, or becomes painful. Melanomas often appear as asymmetrical moles with irregular borders, uneven coloring, and increasing size. The “ABCDE” rule—Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, and Evolving—can help identify suspicious skin changes that should be evaluated by a dermatologist.

How Is Skin Cancer Diagnosed by Doctors?

Diagnosis begins with a physical examination of the skin by a dermatologist, who will assess any unusual moles or lesions. If a suspicious area is found, a biopsy is performed, where a small portion of the skin is removed and examined under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present. Further tests such as imaging scans (CT, MRI, or PET) and lymph node biopsies may be used to determine if the cancer has spread, especially in advanced melanoma cases.