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What Is Eye Cancer and How Does It Develop?

Eye cancer refers to the abnormal and uncontrolled growth of cells in or around the eye. It can originate in various parts of the eye, including the eyeball (intraocular cancer), the orbit (the tissues surrounding the eye), or the adnexa (eyelids and tear glands). The most common type of primary intraocular cancer in adults is melanoma, while retinoblastoma is the most common in children. Cancer in the eye may also result from metastasis, where tumors from other body parts spread to the eye. Early diagnosis is essential for preserving vision and preventing the spread of cancer to other areas of the body.

What Are the Symptoms of Eye Cancer?

The symptoms of eye cancer can vary depending on its type, location, and severity. Many patients do not notice symptoms in the early stages, but as the tumor grows, it may cause blurred vision, a visible dark spot on the iris, partial or total vision loss, flashes of light, or a bulging eye. Pain is rare unless the cancer is advanced. Any changes in vision or the appearance of the eye should prompt an immediate consultation with an ophthalmologist.

How Is Eye Cancer Diagnosed?

Eye cancer diagnosis begins with a detailed eye examination, during which the ophthalmologist may use instruments to inspect the inside of the eye. Imaging techniques such as ultrasound, fluorescein angiography, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) help assess tumor size and location. In some cases, an MRI or CT scan may be performed to check for tumor spread. A biopsy is sometimes required to determine the cancer type, especially when treatment decisions rely on histological confirmation.

What Are the Main Treatment Options for Eye Cancer?

Treatment for eye cancer depends on several factors, including the type of cancer, its location, size, whether it has spread, and the patient's overall health. The goal is to eliminate the tumor while preserving as much vision as possible. Small tumors may be observed if they are not growing. More aggressive cancers require treatment, which may include radiation therapy, laser therapy, cryotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. In many cases, a combination of treatments is used for optimal results.

How Does Radiation Therapy Work in Treating Eye Cancer?

Radiation therapy is one of the most common treatments for intraocular cancers like melanoma. It involves targeting high-energy radiation directly at the tumor to destroy cancer cells while minimizing damage to surrounding healthy tissue. Brachytherapy, a type of internal radiation, uses a radioactive plaque surgically placed near the tumor for a few days. External beam radiation is another option and may be considered for tumors that are not suitable for localized therapy.