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What Is Glaucoma and How Does It Affect the Eye?

Glaucoma is a group of eye conditions that damage the optic nerve, a crucial structure responsible for transmitting visual information from the eye to the brain. This damage is most commonly caused by abnormally high pressure inside the eye, known as intraocular pressure (IOP). Over time, elevated pressure can erode the optic nerve fibers, leading to progressive and irreversible vision loss. If left untreated, glaucoma can lead to complete blindness. It is often called the "silent thief of sight" because it typically progresses without noticeable symptoms until significant vision has already been lost.

What Causes Glaucoma?

Glaucoma usually occurs when the eye's drainage system becomes inefficient, causing fluid to build up and increase eye pressure. The exact cause depends on the type of glaucoma. In open-angle glaucoma, which is the most common form, the drainage channels become less effective over time. In angle-closure glaucoma, the drainage angle is blocked, often suddenly, causing a rapid rise in eye pressure. Other causes include eye injuries, certain medications, inflammatory eye conditions, and genetic predisposition. People with a family history of glaucoma or those over the age of 60 are at higher risk.

How Is Glaucoma Diagnosed?

Glaucoma is diagnosed through a comprehensive eye examination conducted by an ophthalmologist or optometrist. The evaluation typically includes measuring intraocular pressure, examining the optic nerve for damage using a dilated eye exam or imaging, testing the visual field to identify blind spots, and assessing the drainage angle. Since glaucoma can begin without symptoms, regular eye exams are essential, particularly for individuals at higher risk.

What Are the Main Treatment Options for Glaucoma?

The main goal of glaucoma treatment is to lower intraocular pressure to prevent further damage to the optic nerve. Treatment does not reverse existing vision loss but can significantly slow or halt progression. Common treatment options include medicated eye drops, oral medications, laser therapy, and surgery. Eye drops are usually the first line of treatment, working either to reduce fluid production in the eye or to improve fluid drainage. If drops are insufficient, laser procedures or surgeries may be recommended.

How Do Medicated Eye Drops Help in Managing Glaucoma?

Medicated eye drops are the most common and often the first treatment option for glaucoma. They work by either decreasing the amount of fluid the eye produces or improving its outflow, thus lowering intraocular pressure. Patients must use these drops consistently as prescribed, often for life. Skipping doses or discontinuing use can lead to a rise in eye pressure and further optic nerve damage. Although generally safe, these medications may cause side effects like eye irritation, redness, or systemic effects such as changes in heart rate or breathing.